1. Basic reference and information-finding skills [e.g. title, using contents page, index. footnotes, bibliography, chapter headings and sub-headings, chapter summaries]
2. Deducing meaning and use of unfamiliar lexical items through understanding word formation and contextual clues
3. Understanding grammatical [syntactic and morphological] relationships at the sentence level
4. Understanding relationships between parts of text through cohesive devices [especially grammatical cohesion such as noun-pronoun reference]
5. Understanding relationships between parts of text through discourse markers [especially for introduction, development, transition and conclusion of ideas]
6. Understanding communicative functions of sentences with and without specific markers [e.g. definition and exemplification]
7. Understanding conceptual meaning in text [e.g. comparison, cause & effect, audience & purpose]
8. Understanding explicitly stated ideas and information in text
9. Understanding ideas and information in a text which are not explicitly stated
10. Separating essential and non-essential content in text: distinguishing main idea from supporting detail [e.g. fact & opinion, statement & example, proposition & argument]
11. Transferring information or knowledge from one context to another [e.g. from science to engineering]
12. Skimming text [surveying to obtain gist]
13. Scanning text [reading for specific detail]
14. Note-making from text
- Extracting salient points for summary of specific idea or topic in text
- Selectively extracting relevant and related points from text for summary
- Reducing text by rejection of redundant or irrelevant items or information
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