Listening sub skills

1. Deducing meaning and use of unfamiliar lexical items through understanding word formation and contextual clues in utterances and spoken text

2. Recognising and understanding phonological features of speech [especially those forms associated with supra-segmental features]

3. Understanding relationships within the sentence: the syntactic and morphological forms characteristic of spoken language

4. Understanding relationships between parts of text and utterances through cohesive devices [especially grammatical cohesive devices such as reference]

5. Understanding relationships between parts of text by recognising discourse markers [especially for transition and conclusion of ideas, for anticipation of objections or contrary views and for turn-taking]

6. Understanding the communicative function and value of utterances with and without explicit markers [e.g. definition and exemplification]

7. Understanding conceptual meaning in spoken text and utterances [e.g. comparison, degree, cause & effect, result, and audience & purpose]

8. Understanding attitudinal meaning in spoken text and utterances [especially ability to recognise the speaker's attitude towards the listener and the topic by intonation]

9. Identifying the main points or important information in discourse [especially through vocal underlining and verbal cues]

10. Distinguishing main ideas from supporting detail [the whole & its parts, fact & opinion, statement & example, and proposition & argument]

11. Understanding explicitly stated ideas and information

12. Understanding ideas and information in spoken text and utterances which are not explicitly stated [e.g. through making inferences]

13. Interpreting spoken text by going outside information in the text to information not contained in the text [e.g. through picking up exophoric reference]

14. Transferring and transforming information in speech to diagrammatic display [e.g. through completing a diagram, table or chart]

15. Skimming: listening to obtain the gist of spoken text

16. Scanning: listening for specific details in spoken text

17. Note-taking from spoken text

• Extracting salient points to summarise specific idea or topic in text
• Selectively extracting relevant key points from text [especially involving coordination of related information and tabulation of information for comparison and contrast]

• Reducing text through rejection of redundant or irrelevant items or information [e.g. determiners, repetition, compression of examples, use of abbreviations, and use of symbols denoting relationships between states or processes]

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